- A new study warns were likely to see another major pandemic within the next few decades.
- New database of pandemic info used to calculate increased probability.
- A major pandemic will likely wipe out human life within 12,000 years.
For much of the past century, the fear has been that a calamity like an asteroid strike, supernova blast, or environmental change would wipe out humanity. But new research, published by Duke Global Health Institute, is pointing to a much different demise for humans. The study, called Intensity and frequency of extreme novel epidemics and published in the ‘Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences’, used almost four hundred years worth of newly assembled data to make some dire predictions [1].
The authors used the new database along with estimated rates of zoonotic diseases (those transmitted from animals to humans) emerging because of environmental change caused by humans. These effects of anthropogenic environmental change, they warn, may carry a high price,
A New Database Paints a Picture
One of the reasons that there has been a distinct lack of research into the probability of another pandemic has been a lack of access to data, short observational records, and stationary analysis methods.
The conventional theory of extremes, like major pandemics, assumes that the process of event occurrence is stationarywhere shifts in time dont cause a change in the shape of the distribution. But the authors found that pandemic data was nonstationary. While long term observations and analysis tools for nonstationary processes were available in other disciplines, global epidemiological information on the topic was fragmented and virtually unexplored.
The team addressed the problem, in part, by creating a new database containing information from four centuries of disease outbreaks, which they have made publicly available in the Zenodo repository along with the MATLAB code that analyzed it [3]. A snapshot of the database is shown below:
The database, which contains data from 182 historical epidemics, led the authors to conclude that while the rate of epidemics varies wildly over time, the tail of the probability distribution for epidemic intensity (defined as number of deaths, divided by global population and epidemic duration) slowly decays. The implication is that the probability of another extreme epidemic decreases slowly with epidemic intensity. However, this doesnt mean that the probability of another epidemic is smallerits just the opposite.
When the authors combined the model with increasing rates of disease emergence from animal reservoirs linked to environmental change, they found that the probability of observing another serious pandemiccurrently a lifetime risk of around 38%will likely double in the next few decades.
A New Pandemic is Around the Corner
Novel pathogens like Covid-19 have been emerging in human population at an increasing rate in the last half a century. This new study estimates that the probability of a novel disease outbreak will grow from its current risk of about 2% a year to around three times that. The researchers used that risk factor to estimate another major pandemic will very likely happen within 60 yearswhich is much sooner than originally anticipatedmaking it very likely you will see another major pandemic in your lifetime.
Thats not to say youll have to wait until youre 80-years-old to see another nefarious virus sweep across the globe. The event is equally probable in any one year during that time frame, said Duke University professor Gabriel Katul, Ph.D., one of the papers authors. When a 100-year flood occurs today, one may erroneously presume that one can afford to wait another 100 years before experiencing another such event, says Katul. This impression is false. One can get another 100-year flood the next year.
In addition to warning about the perils of ignoring human-induced environmental changes, the authors extrapolated the data to make another dire prediction: In the press release [2], they state that its statistically likely that within the next 12,000 years, the human race will die out due to a major pandemic, which means it’s extremely unlikely mankind will be around when the next extinction-level asteroid hits Earth.
References
Mask picture Tadeáš Bednarz, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
[1] Intensity and frequency of extreme novel epidemics
[2] Statistics say large pandemics are more likely than we thought
